What South Sudan Needs and Doesn’t Need

What South Sudan has in abundance however are guns, violence, and US sanctions that are preventing the government from helping its people.

South Sudan is the embodiment of so many ills that affect the world—colonialism, militarization, civil war, climate change, famine, and sexual violence. By the mid-20th century, Sudan, encompassing what is now South Sudan and Sudan, began to fill up with firearms. By 1966, the country had received 30,000 G3 rifles^[4] from West Germany. By the late 1970s/mid-eighties, with the US-Soviet proxy wars in full swing, US arms transfers to Sudan were so large ($1.4 billion) that combined with arms transfers from other countries, the country was dubbed “Africa’s arms dump^[5].”

Global food security was among the priority issues discussed last week^[6] at the UN General Assembly in New York and its adjacent meetings. With the prediction^[7] that South Sudan will experience famine unless billions of dollars in aid are not obtained immediately, it is among the countries being considered for urgent action.

But, and this must be understood, the multiple crises facing South Sudan weren’t of its own making.

Located along the Nile River the land that is now Sudan and South Sudan was once part of the ancient Christian Nubian kingdoms. It was renowned for its arts and culture^[8], had its own written language, high literacy rates^[9], and enjoyed high levels of gender equality^[10].

Nubia eventually declined^[11] and fell to successive conquerors. Eventually, revolted against Egypt^[12]. However, only a decade later, Britain, which was the ruling power in Egypt, retook Sudan and placed it under joint Egyptian-British rule.

Sudan finally gained its independence in 1956. But, independence did not give way to peace. A civil war, which was already underway between the predominantly Muslim north and majority Christian south, would last until 72. During that time both sides were handing out arms to civilians^[13], including children, for self-protection. By the end of a second civil war^[14] which lasted until 2005 and was largely a continuation of the first civil war, an estimated 1.9–3.2 million small arms circulating^[15] among the population, an arms culture that aspired to reach US levels, was well established.

In 2011, South Sudanese citizens voted by 99% to secede^[16] from the north and become their own country. While optimism was widespread and infectious, by the end of 2013, yet another civil war^[17] had broken out in the fledgling country after President Kiir accused Riek Machar, attempting a coup d’état, leading to multiple sides fighting to rule the country.

By 2016, 6 million people in South Sudan were facing starvation^[18]. By 2017, the country’s economy was in tatters^[19] and famine had been declared^[20]. By 2018, around 400,000 people had been killed^[21] and over 4 million displaced^[22].

Despite the formation of a unity government^[23] in 2020, inter-community violence in South Sudan has increased^[24]. Human and civil rights^[25] are barely existent and the country has been declared one of the most dangerous places on earth for aid workers^[26]. A September 2022, joint human rights report documented^[27] 131 cases of rape and gang rape, including of girls as young as eight.

In a declared effort to “choke off war funds,” the US has imposed sanctions^[28] on the South Sudanese oil industry.

Amnesty International^[29] and Human Rights Watch^[30] want an arms embargo, but US sanctions include South Sudan’s oil industry.

Sanctions on South Sudan’s gas industry prevent the country^[31] from using its natural resources (3.5 billion barrels of proven oil reserves) to reduce its extreme energy poverty. While one might think this is positive for the environment, without the ability to sell its gas, there are no funds for the development of renewable energy systems.

The African Energy Chamber has urged^[32] the US to remove its gas industry sanctions. The Crisis Group has stated that sanctions^[33] on South Sudan must be specific in their targets and timeframes, and have clear off-ramps.

Violent conflict isn’t the only factor putting South Sudan in urgent danger of famine. Climate change has wreaked havoc on crops in the Horn of Africa^[34] and the war in Ukraine is compounding^[35] the global food security crisis. That said, as we rush to see that the necessary aid funds are raised to avoid all-out famine in time and pray for peace in the war-torn country, we must ensure that the US, and other Western countries, don’t exacerbate the already dire situation and are held accountable for the role they played in creating the crisis.

Ariel Gold is the executive director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, USA, the oldest peace and justice organization in the US. In November 2022, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation, which has around 50 chapters on various continents around the world will hold its quadrennial conference in Juba, South Sudan.

References

1. ^{^} eighty percent (www.worldbank.org)
2. ^{^} one percent (www.zawya.com)
3. ^{^} warned (www.arabnews.com)
4. ^{^} 30,000 G3 rifles (www.bits.de)
5. ^{^} Africa’s arms dump (www.theguardian.com)
6. ^{^} discussed last week (www.nytimes.com)
7. ^{^} prediction (www.nytimes.com)
8. ^{^} arts and culture (www.khanacademy.org)
9. ^{^} written language, high literacy rates (journals.openedition.org)
10. ^{^} high levels of gender equality (www.africa.upenn.edu)
11. ^{^} declined (en.wikipedia.org)
12. ^{^} revolted against Egypt (en.wikipedia.org)
13. ^{^} out arms to civilians (www.saferworld.org.uk)
14. ^{^} second civil war (www.blackpast.org)
15. ^{^} 1.9–3.2 million small arms circulating (www.smallarmssurvey.org)
16. ^{^} voted by 99% to secede (www.bbc.com)
17. ^{^} end of 2013, yet another civil war (www.cfr.org)
18. ^{^} facing starvation (www.aljazeera.com)
19. ^{^} economy was in tatters (www.economist.com)
20. ^{^} famine had been declared (www.bbc.com)
21. ^{^} killed (www.washingtonpost.com)
22. ^{^} displaced (www.washingtonpost.com)
23. ^{^} unity government (www.bbc.com)
24. ^{^} has increased (reliefweb.int)
25. ^{^} Human and civil rights (www.hrw.org)
26. ^{^} most dangerous places on earth for aid workers (africa.cgtn.com)
27. ^{^} joint human rights report documented (www.arabnews.com)
28. ^{^} imposed sanctions (www.business-humanrights.org)
29. ^{^} Amnesty International (www.amnesty.org)
30. ^{^} Human Rights Watch (www.hrw.org)
31. ^{^} prevent the country (www.zawya.com)
32. ^{^} African Energy Chamber has urged (www.zawya.com)
33. ^{^} sanctions (www.crisisgroup.org)
34. ^{^} havoc on crops in the Horn of Africa (www.nytimes.com)
35. ^{^} Ukraine is compounding (www.nytimes.com)