Nothing Is Going Right In The World's Newest Nation

Boys walk across a dusty open plain inside the Protection of Civilians site for displaced people in Bentiu, South Sudan. David Gilkey/NPR 

When South Sudan gained independence in 2011, there was great optimism both inside and outside of the country that it was putting its deeply troubled past behind it.

For generations, the South Sudanese had been terrorized by rebel armies and repressive government soldiers. At independence, South Sudan was one of the poorest nations in sub-Saharan Africa but also one of its most oil-rich.

A woman walks through the Doctors Without Borders compound in Bentiu. The 170-bed facility treats many patients suffering from severe malnutrition and malaria. It is the only hospital for miles around capable of providing surgical and advanced medical care. David Gilkey/NPR 

The honeymoon for the world's newest nation didn't last long. Late in 2013 the president and vice president took up arms against each other. And things went downhill fast from there.

"It's the worst I've ever seen and the worst I've ever experienced," says Emma Drew, the humanitarian program manager for Oxfam in South Sudan, who's worked there for eight years. The brutal civil war^[1] left tens of thousands of South Sudanese dead, drove more than 2 million people from their homes and lay to waste entire towns.

Aid groups and the U.N. warn that the country is now on the brink of a catastrophic food crisis. One analysis^[2] predicts that 40,000 people face starvation. Drew says that dire prediction sounds reasonable to her.

"Absolutely. 100 percent. Yup." She worries not only about those 40,000 "but also the hundreds of thousands that are just one step below," she says.

An aerial view of the U.N. Protection of Civilians site in Bentiu, where more than 120,000 people have sought refuge from the civil war. The site is the largest of six U.N.-run displaced persons camps in the country. David Gilkey/NPR 

A peace accord signed in August of 2015 is supposed to bring the leaders of the two warring parties, President Salva Kiir and his former deputy Reik Machar, back together in a unity government. But progress toward that unity government has faltered.

As Kiir and Machar (who's in exile in Ethiopia) bicker, sporadic violence continues across the country along with hyperinflation and massive food shortages.

Children stand on top of an earthen dam in the camp in Bentiu. Massive dams, drainage canals and water retention pools were constructed after the camp flooded repeatedly during the rainy season. Residents say the water and mud was so deep in their huts that they had to sleep sitting up in chairs. David Gilkey/NPR

Children stand on top of an earthen dam in the camp in Bentiu. Massive dams, drainage canals and water retention pools were constructed after the camp flooded repeatedly during the rainy season. Residents say the water and mud was so deep in their huts that they had to sleep sitting up in chairs.

David Gilkey/NPR

The conflict has also destroyed crops, driven farmers off their fields and hampered production at South Sudan's oil fields.

The country has some of the largest oil reserves in sub-Saharan Africa, yet nearly a third of South Sudan's population is now dependent on international food aid to survive.

Doctors Without Borders hospital staff unload supplies from one of their planes at the Bentiu airport. All of the hospital supplies, including fuel for the generators, are flown in. South Sudan's roads are unpassable because they've fallen into disrepair or are unsafe due to civil war violence. David Gilkey/NPR 

Unlike the devastating drought that's plaguing neighboring Ethiopia, Drew at Oxfam says, the current crisis in South Sudan is a direct result of the war.

"Everything has to be rebuilt," she says. "Markets have been destroyed. Supply lines have been broken. We have to start from scratch."

An elderly man waits to see a doctor at the Doctors Without Borders hospital. South Sudan is facing a major food shortage, and many patients are malnourished. David Gilkey/NPR 

Inflation is running at 300 to 400 percent. There's a dire shortage of hard currency. Oil production has plummeted, and most of the economy has collapsed.

When South Sudan broke away from Sudan five years ago, it was pumping more than 300,000 barrels of oil a day. Oil exports provided 98 percent of the government's revenue^[3].

Fighting shut down some of the wells. And now because of the drop in global oil prices, South Sudan is losing money on every barrel it pumps. The problem is that South Sudan is landlocked, and its former adversary, the government in Khartoum, is charging $25 a barrel to ship crude through its pipelines to the Red Sea.

With oil trading at just above $30 a barrel, South Sudan's primary export isn't worth exporting.

In an open-air market in the capital Juba, traders say the economic crisis is worsening every week. Prices are rising and people have less money to spend.

Victor Steven, who's 45, sells palm-size plastic bags filled with cooking oil and sugar from a table he has set up in the street.

"There's no money for two months now," he says. "Even the people here in the central government have no money. Their pockets are empty. People are really suffering."

Steven is selling paper cones of salt no larger than a thimble. A few tomatoes are stacked in a modest pyramid on his counter. Customers, he says, are buying less and less.

"Since the beginning of this month, the prices have gone up, up, up, up," he says.

With severe water shortages at the displaced persons camp, women and girls at times have to walk up to a mile to fetch water. David Gilkey/NPR 

The problem, he says, is the war. South Sudan needs a definitive end to its civil conflict before it can solve any of its other problems.

"If the peace comes, everything will improve very well, yeah," he says.

He takes a seat behind his meager table that he calls his "shop." Slouching in his chair, he folds his arms across his chest and he waits — for customers, for peace, for whatever may come.

Kids play in front of a line for food rations at the camp. The 120,000 residents — the majority of whom are children — depend on distributions from the U.N. World Food Program. David Gilkey/NPR 

References

1. ^{^} brutal civil war (www.hrw.org)
2. ^{^} analysis (www.ipcinfo.org)
3. ^{^} revenue (www.eia.gov)