Gun battle in UN camp deepens South Sudan's humanitarian crisis

Survivors of an attack on a camp near Malakal are taking shelter in the town or a nearby UN base, exacerbating the challenge of trying to provide for them A South Sudanese civilian speaks with UN peacekeepers at the UN-administered protection of civilians ......

A new humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Malakal, South Sudan^[1], just days after an attack by government soldiers on a camp sheltering displaced people – the challenge of caring for tens of thousands of survivors.

Related: South Sudan: MSF workers among 18 people dead in violence at UN camp^[2]

Eighteen people died in the violence^[3] that began on 17 February following growing ethnic tensions between Dinka and Shilluk communities in the camp. Government soldiers^[4] broke into the UN-administered protection of civilians (PoC) facility and were involved in the fighting that intensified the next day, sending people fleeing the gun battles and a fire that destroyed half the camp.

About 15,000 people, mostly Nuer and Shilluk, have sought shelter on a narrow strip of land near the UN Mission in South Sudan (Unmiss)^[5] peacekeeping base, 500 metres from the PoC. About 5,000 mainly Dinka have fled into nearby Malakal town, hoping for the protection of the largely Dinka army. About 25,000 people are still living in parts of the PoC that escaped destruction.

The alarming humanitarian situation requires aid workers to do the near impossible – provide immediate services for 20,000 people suddenly displaced from their original site of refuge, and plan rebuilding the camp.

“There is a general sense of insecurity so people have moved outside of the PoC site,” said John McCue, head of operations for the International Organisation for Migration in the capital, Juba.

“It’s completely untenable, it’s too small, it’s too crowded … there is nothing that can be done, the priority needs to be on Unmiss showing the population that they are able to provide security within the PoC. It’s the only solution. Otherwise we are looking at a major health risk.”

Some people have returned to the camp – even the sections that were torched – regarding it as a better option than the overcrowded, squalid conditions outside the Unmiss base.

Related: 'I'm a hero. I created a country', says the rebel driving South Sudan's brutal war^[6]

“That place was not good,” said one man, who gave his name only as Hassan, indicating where thousands of displaced people are building temporary shelters. “No food, no water,” said his companion, Emmanuel. “All of the food was here, but the violence [destroyed it].”

Malakal is heavily militarised. Almost all men wear uniforms, weapons on their back, pacing the streets of South Sudan’s second largest city, which has been repeatedly fought over by government and rebel forces since 2013.

Here, there appear to be more services for displaced people – the Nile river is nearby to provide water and sanitation, and it is less crowded. People are digging in for the long haul.

Angelina, who used to live in the PoC but fled to Malakal, said many people are carrying their belongings from the camp to town “until the government tells us where to go”.

Among the Nuer and Shilluk who have taken refuge near the UN base, there is a sense of dismay^[7] at the failure of the peacekeepers to protect them. Many say they will return to the PoC only if Unmiss can guarantee their protection.

“I saw yesterday the [UN] soldiers run away. What happens next time, I don’t know,” said Emmanuel, who returned to the PoC. “I saw many people die. I don’t know what happened with Unmiss.”

Unmiss^[8] (pdf) said its peacekeepers had exchanged fire with men “allegedly donning SPLA [army] uniforms” shooting into the base.

Related: South Sudan should be hit with arms embargo over atrocities, says UN panel^[9]

The people outside the peacekeepers’ base have put up makeshift tents just centimetres apart – a risk as they use open fires to cook food and heat what water is available.

Rebuilding the PoC will take time. Two medical clinics inside the camp were destroyed. It appears that some of the damage in the PoC was caused by arson as sections where one ethnic group lived are ashes, yet a few feet away housing of another group was untouched.

South Sudan collapsed into civil war in 2013 when fighting broke out between soldiers loyal to President Salva Kiir and his deputy, Riek Machar. The conflict quickly took on ethnic overtones.

The UN has warned that as a result of the war, 2.8 million people – nearly 25% of the population – are in urgent need of food assistance^[10], and at least 40,000 people are “on the brink of catastrophe”.

References

1. ^{^} South Sudan (www.theguardian.com)
2. ^{^} South Sudan: MSF workers among 18 people dead in violence at UN camp (www.theguardian.com)
3. ^{^} Eighteen people died in the violence (www.theguardian.com)
4. ^{^} Government soldiers (www.un.org)
5. ^{^} UN Mission in South Sudan (Unmiss) (www.un.org)
6. ^{^} 'I'm a hero. I created a country', says the rebel driving South Sudan's brutal war (www.theguardian.com)
7. ^{^} dismay (reliefweb.int)
8. ^{^} Unmiss (unmiss.unmissions.org)
9. ^{^} South Sudan should be hit with arms embargo over atrocities, says UN panel (www.theguardian.com)
10. ^{^} 2.8 million people – nearly 25% of the population – are in urgent need of food assistance (www.fao.org)